Decreased Fetal Movement

Feeling your baby move inside the womb is one of the most reassuring and exciting experiences during pregnancy. These movements indicate that the baby is growing and developing as expected. However, if fetal movements decrease significantly or stop, it could be a sign of a potential problem. Understanding the causes, warning signs, and necessary actions can help ensure the well-being of both mother and baby.

What is Decreased Fetal Movement?

Fetal movement refers to the kicks, rolls, flutters, or stretches that a baby makes inside the uterus. These movements typically begin as early as 16-22 weeks of pregnancy and become more noticeable around 28 weeks. A decrease in movement means that the baby is moving less frequently or with reduced intensity than usual.

While occasional fluctuations in fetal activity are normal, a persistent decrease in movement can indicate fetal distress or other complications requiring medical attention.

Causes of Decreased Fetal Movement

Several factors can contribute to a temporary or significant reduction in fetal movement:

1. Normal Variations in Fetal Activity

Babies have sleep cycles, which can last 20-40 minutes and, at times, up to 90 minutes, during which they may not move.
Movement patterns can vary based on the baby’s position in the womb.

2. Maternal Factors

Maternal stress or dehydration: Low hydration levels or high stress can lead to decreased fetal activity.
Certain medications: Sedatives, pain medications, or antidepressants can make the baby less active.
Obesity: A mother with a higher BMI may not feel the baby’s movements as strongly.
Anterior placenta: If the placenta is located at the front of the uterus, it may cushion the movements, making them harder to feel.

3. Fetal Conditions

Fetal distress: Reduced oxygen supply due to umbilical cord compression or placental insufficiency can lead to decreased movement.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): A condition where the baby is not growing properly in the womb, leading to reduced movements.
Congenital abnormalities: Some developmental disorders may cause limited fetal activity.

4. Late Pregnancy Factors

Approaching labor: As the baby drops lower into the pelvis in preparation for birth, movement patterns may change, but they should not disappear.
Oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid levels): Limited space in the uterus due to reduced amniotic fluid can restrict movement.

When to Be Concerned

A noticeable decline in fetal movements can be a warning sign of potential complications. Seek immediate medical attention if:

You feel fewer than 10 movements in 2 hours after 28 weeks.
The baby is not moving at all for an extended period.
There is a sudden, drastic reduction in movements compared to usual patterns.
You experience other symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, or fluid leakage.

How to Monitor Fetal Movements

Tracking fetal movements can help detect early signs of distress. Here’s how you can do it:

Kick Count Method

Choose a time of day when your baby is usually active (often after meals or in the evening).
Lie down on your left side in a quiet environment.
Count every movement, kick, or roll until you reach 10.
If you don’t feel 10 movements within 2 hours, drink water, eat something, and try again.
If movement is still low, consult a doctor immediately.

Diagnosis & Medical Evaluation

If decreased fetal movement is reported, the doctor may perform:

Non-Stress Test (NST): Monitors the baby’s heart rate and response to movement.
Biophysical Profile (BPP): Combines an ultrasound and NST to assess fetal health, movements, breathing, and amniotic fluid levels.
Doppler Ultrasound: Measures blood flow in the umbilical cord to check for potential complications.

Treatment & Management

Hydration and Nutrition: Sometimes, drinking water or having a meal can stimulate movement.
Changing Positions: Lying on the left side can improve blood flow to the baby.
Medical Intervention: If tests indicate fetal distress, immediate delivery may be necessary.

Conclusion

Decreased fetal movement can be a normal part of pregnancy, but a significant reduction or absence of movement requires medical evaluation. Regularly monitoring fetal activity and seeking timely medical advice can help prevent complications and ensure a safe pregnancy. If you ever feel concerned about your baby’s movements, trust your instincts and consult a healthcare professional immediately.