Fractures

Fractures

A fracture, commonly known as a broken bone, is a medical condition where a bone is cracked or broken due to excessive force, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Fractures can occur in any bone of the body and vary in severity, ranging from minor cracks to complete breaks. The Orthopedic Department specializes in diagnosing and treating fractures to ensure proper healing and recovery.

Types of Fractures

Fractures are categorized based on their severity, location, and nature of the break. Common types include:

1. Closed (Simple) Fracture – The bone breaks but does not pierce the skin.
2. Open (Compound) Fracture – The broken bone protrudes through the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
3. Stable Fracture – The broken ends of the bone remain aligned and in place.
4. Displaced Fracture – The bone fragments are misaligned and may require surgery for correction.
5. Transverse Fracture – The break occurs in a straight line across the bone.
6. Oblique Fracture – The fracture has an angled pattern.
7. Comminuted Fracture – The bone shatters into multiple fragments.
8. Greenstick Fracture – An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and cracks, commonly seen in children.
9. Stress Fracture – A small crack in the bone due to repetitive stress or overuse, often occurring in athletes.
10. Pathological Fracture – A fracture resulting from weakened bones due to conditions such as osteoporosis or cancer.

Causes of Fractures

Fractures can result from various factors, including:

1. Trauma – Falls, accidents, sports injuries, and direct blows can cause fractures.
2. Overuse and Repetitive Stress – Continuous impact on bones, as seen in runners or athletes, can lead to stress fractures.
3. Osteoporosis – A condition that weakens bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.
4. Medical Conditions – Diseases like bone cancer or infections can weaken the bones, leading to fractures.
5. Poor Nutrition – A deficiency in calcium and vitamin D can reduce bone strength, increasing the risk of fractures.

Symptoms of Fractures

The symptoms of a fracture vary depending on its type and location but commonly include:

• Intense pain at the site of injury
• Swelling, bruising, or tenderness
• Deformity or misalignment of the affected limb
• Inability to move or bear weight on the affected area
• A cracking or snapping sound at the time of injury
• Open wounds in the case of compound fractures

Diagnosis of Fractures

An orthopedic specialist diagnoses fractures using a combination of clinical assessment and imaging techniques:

1. Physical Examination – The doctor assesses pain levels, swelling, and the affected area’s mobility.
2. X-rays – The most common imaging test used to confirm the presence and type of fracture.
3. CT Scan – Provides a detailed cross-sectional image of the bone for complex fractures.
4. MRI Scan – Used to detect soft tissue damage or stress fractures that may not be visible on an X-ray.
5. Bone Scan – Helps diagnose stress fractures and bone diseases.

Treatment Options for Fractures

The treatment of fractures depends on the type, location, and severity of the break. The primary goal is to realign the bone, ensure stability, and promote healing.

Non-Surgical Treatments

1. Immobilization – Casting, splinting, or bracing is used to keep the bone in place while it heals.
2. Medication – Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs help manage pain and swelling.
3. Physical Therapy – Once the bone starts healing, therapy is recommended to restore mobility and strength.
4. Bone Stimulation – In some cases, electrical or ultrasound stimulation can accelerate bone healing.

Surgical Treatments

1. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) – Surgical intervention using plates, screws, or rods to stabilize the bone.
2. External Fixation – Pins and screws are placed outside the body to keep the bone aligned.
3. Bone Grafting – In severe cases, bone grafts may be used to promote healing in large fractures.

Fracture Healing Process

The healing of a fracture occurs in several stages:

1. Inflammatory Phase – The body forms a blood clot around the fracture site to initiate healing.
2. Reparative Phase – New bone tissue, called a callus, forms around the break.
3. Remodeling Phase – The callus strengthens and reshapes into normal bone over weeks or months.

Preventing Fractures

Although not all fractures can be prevented, the risk can be minimized by:

• Maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
• Engaging in regular weight-bearing exercises to strengthen bones
• Using protective gear during sports and physical activities
• Avoiding risky activities that could lead to falls or injuries
• Addressing underlying medical conditions like osteoporosis early

Conclusion

Fractures are a serious orthopedic condition that can impact mobility and quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for proper healing and recovery. The Orthopedic Department provides comprehensive care, from non-surgical interventions to advanced surgical procedures, ensuring the best possible outcome for patients with fractures.